Notable work Panchali Sapatham, Pappa Pattu, Kannan Pattu, Kuyil Pattu, etc. Movement Indian independence movement against British Spouse(s) Chellamma (m. 1896–1921; till his death) Children 2 Parent(s) Chinnaswami Subramania Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal Signature Chinnaswami Subramania Bharathi, also known as Bharathiyar (11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921), was a writer, poet, journalist, and a social reformer from. Popularly known as 'Mahakavi Bharathi', he was a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry and is considered one of the greatest Tamil literary figures of all time. His numerous works included fiery songs kindling patriotism during the. Born in of (present day ) in 1882, Bharathi had his early education in and and worked as a journalist with many newspapers, including, Bala Bharata, Vijaya, Chakravarthini, the Swadesamitran and India. In 1908, an arrest warrant was issued against Bharati by the government of for his revolutionary writings, forcing him to flee to, where he lived until 1918.
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Bharathi's influence on Tamil literature is phenomenal. He was prolific in his output. He covered political, social and spiritual themes. The songs and poems composed by Bharati are very often used in and have become staples in the literary and musical repertoire of Tamil artistes throughout the world.
He paved the way for modern blank verse. Bharathiyar House in Puducherry Bharati was born on 11 December 1882 in the village of, to Chinnaswami Subramania Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal. Subbaiah, as he was named, went to the M.D.T. Hindu College in. From a very young age, he was musically and poetically inclined. Around the age of 11, he was conferred the title of 'Bharati', the one blessed by, the goddess of learning. Bharati lost his mother at the age of five and his father at the age of sixteen.
When he was 15, he married Chellamma who was seven years old. He was brought up by his father who wanted him to learn English, excel in arithmetic, and become an engineer. A proficient linguist, he was well-versed in Sanskrit, Hindi ( it is also known as Hindustani), Telugu, English, French and had a smattering of Arabic.
During his stay in, Bharati was exposed to and nationalism. This broadened his outlook and he learned Sanskrit, Hindi and English. In addition, he changed his outward appearance. He also grew a beard and wore a turban due to his admiration of Sikhs, influenced by his Sikh friend. Though he passed an entrance exam for a job, he returned to Ettayapuram during 1901 and started as the court poet of Raja of Ettayapuram for a couple of years. He was a Tamil teacher from August to November 1904 in Sethupathy High School in Madurai. During this period, Bharati understood the need to be well-informed of the world outside and took interest in the world of journalism and the print media of the West.
Bharati joined as Assistant Editor of the, a Tamil daily in 1904. In December 1905, he attended the All India Congress session held in Benaras. On his journey back home, he met, Swami 's spiritual heir. She inspired Bharati to recognise the privileges of women and the emancipation of women exercised Bharati's mind.
He visualised the new woman as an emanation of Shakti, a willing helpmate of man to build a new earth through co-operative endeavour. Among other greats such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he considered Nivedita as his, and penned verses in her praise.
He attended the Indian National Congress session in Calcutta under Dadabhai Naoiroji, which demanded and boycott of British goods. By April 1907, he started editing the Tamil weekly India and the English newspaper Bala Bharatham with. These newspapers were also a means of expressing Bharati's creativity, which began to peak during this period. Bharati started to publish his poems regularly in these editions. From hymns to nationalistic writings, from contemplations on the relationship between God and Man to songs on the and revolutions, Bharati's subjects were diverse.
Bharati participated in the historic Surat Congress in 1907 along with and Mandayam Srinivachariar, which deepened the divisions within the with a section preferring armed resistance, primarily led by over moderate approach preferred by certain other sections. Bharati supported Tilak with and Kanchi Varathachariyar. Tilak openly supported armed resistance against the British. Cover page of the 1909 magazine Vijaya, published first from and then from.
In 1908, the British instituted a case against V.O. Chidambaram Pillai. In the same year, the proprietor of the journal India was arrested in. Faced with the prospect of arrest, Bharati escaped to, which was under French rule. From there he edited and published the weekly journal India, Vijaya, a Tamil daily, Bala Bharatham, an English monthly, and Suryodayam, a local weekly in Pondicherry.
The British tried to suppress Bharati's output by stopping remittances and letters to the papers. Both India and Vijaya were banned in India in 1909. During his exile, Bharati had the opportunity to meet many other leaders of the revolutionary wing of the Independence movement like, and V.V.S. Aiyar, who had also sought asylum under the French. Bharati assisted Aurobindo in the journal and later Karma Yogi in Pondicherry. This was also the period when he started learning Vedic literature. Three of his greatest works namely, Kuyil Pattu, Panchali Sapatham and Kannan Pattu were composed during 1912.
He also translated Vedic hymns, Patanjali's Yoga Sutra and to Tamil. Bharati entered India near in November 1918 and was promptly arrested. He was imprisoned in the Central prison in Cuddalore in custody for three weeks from 20 November to 14 December and was released after the intervention of. He was stricken by poverty during this period, resulting in his ill health. The following year, 1919, Bharati met. He resumed editing Swadesimeitran from 1920 in (modern day ). He was badly affected by the imprisonments and by 1920, when a General Amnesty Order finally removed restrictions on his movements, Bharati was already struggling.
He was struck by an elephant named Lavanya at, whom he used to feed regularly. Although he survived the incident, a few months later his health deteriorated and he died on 11 September 1921 early morning around 1 am. Though Bharati was considered a people's poet, a great nationalist, outstanding freedom fighter and social visionary, it was recorded that there were only 14 people to attend his funeral. He delivered his last speech at Karungalpalayam Library in Erode, which was about the topic Man is Immortal.
The last years of his life were spent in a house in. The house was bought and renovated by the in 1993 and named Bharati Illam (Home of Bharati).
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Bharati is considered as one of the pioneers of modern Tamil literature. Bharati used simple words and rhythms, unlike his previous century works in Tamil, which had complex vocabulary. He also employed novel ideas and techniques in his devotional poems. He used a metre called Nondi Chindu in most of his works, which was earlier used by Gopalakrisnha Bharathiar. Bharati's poetry expressed a progressive, reformist ideal. His imagery and the vigour of his verse were a forerunner to modern Tamil poetry in different aspects.
He was the forerunner of a forceful kind of poetry that combined classical and contemporary elements. He had a prodigious output penning thousands of verses on diverse topics like Indian Nationalism, love songs, children's songs, songs of nature, glory of the language, and odes to prominent freedom fighters of India like,. He even penned an ode to New Russia. His poetry not only includes works on Hindu deities like Shakti, Kali, Vinayagar, Murugan, Sivan, Kannan(Krishna), but also on other religious gods like and Jesus. His insightful similes have been read by millions of readers. He was well-versed in various languages and translated speeches of Indian National reform leaders like Aurabindo, Bala Gangadar Tilak and Swami Vivekananda. He describes the dance of Shakthi in the following lines.
English Translation We make Dresses from Silk and Cotton In quantities as large as mountains They bring lot of wealth The traders around the world, to whom we give it(dresses) He is known to have said, 'Even if Indians are divided, they are children of one Mother, where is the need for foreigners to interfere?' In the period 1910–1920, he wrote about a new and free India where there are no castes.
He talks of building up India's defense, her ships sailing the high seas, success in manufacturing and universal education. He calls for sharing amongst states with wonderful imagery like the diversion of excess water of the delta to needy regions and a bridge to. Bharati also wanted to abolish starvation. He sang, ' Thani oru manithanakku unavu illayenil intha jagaththinai azhithiduvom' translated as ' If one single man suffers from starvation, we will destroy the entire world'. Some of his poems are translated by in English in her blog, though not published. Bharati on caste system Bharati also fought against the in Hindu society. Although born into an orthodox family, he considered all living beings as equal and to illustrate this he performed the for a young man and made him a.
He also scorned the divisive tendencies being imparted into the younger generations by their elderly tutors during his time. He openly criticised the preachers for mixing their individual thoughts while teaching the and the. He strongly advocated bringing the to the Hindu mainstream.
This is a photograph of writing by in wishing the effort to build a monument in memory of poet Subramanya Bharathi at. The Government of India in 1987 instituted a highest National conferred along with, annually confers on writers of outstanding works in literature., a named after the poet, was established in 1982 at. There is a of Bharathiar at and also in the. A titled was made in the year 2000 on the life of the poet by, which won.
The movie chronicles the important struggles of along with and Bharathiar with S.V. Subbaiah starring as Subramania Bharati. Many roads are named after him, notable ones including Bharathiar road in and Subramaniam Bharti Marg in. The NGO runs the.
In March 2013, and noted British singer 's song 's similarities to Bharati's poem Achamillai Achamillai, which contains the lyrics ' Uchchi Meedhu Vaan Idindhu Veezhugindra Podhinum, Achcham Illai Achcham Illai Achcham Enbadhillaiye', which loosely translate 'Skyfall's lyrics, 'Let the sky fall, when it crumbles, we will stand tall and face it all together.' See also. References. ^ Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath, eds.
Greenwood Publishing Group. University of Delhi. Pearson Education India. ^ Bharati, Subramania; Rajagopalan, Usha (2013). 5 December 2004. ^ Lal, Mohan (1992).
Sahitya Akademi. 15 April 2008.
Retrieved 20 December 2013. Colombo, Sri Lanka.
11 June 2013. Archived from on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2013. – via HighBeam (subscription required).
Annamalai, E. 'Changing society and modern Tamil literature'. 4 (3/4): 21–36. (subscription required).
George, K.M., ed. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. Retrieved 20 April 2017. Gupta, Ameeta; Kumar, Ashish (2006).
Atlantic Publishers & Dist. Sunday Tribune.
South Africa. 30 March 2008. Archived from on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2013. – via HighBeam (subscription required). Times of India. 6 October 2015.
Indian Express. 3 October 2015. Ayngaran International. Retrieved 26 April 2015. Further reading. Fire In The Soul: The Life And Times of Subramania Bharati. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
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